Pocket camera users are complaining because the indoor photos that they tend to get less light (under exposure). This often happens in cameras that rely on built-in flash with range (coverage) plus a limited area to practice shooting at a maximum distance range of flash.
What often happens is:
1. At wide angle lens (zoom out max), only the central region bright enough pot, while at the edge / corner, tend to be dark, this occurs due to the limited coverage area of flash.
2. At telephoto lens (zoom in max), the overall picture tends to be less bright (under) because the light flash was not strong. This is due to reduced coverage due to flash a smaller aperture opening when zooming in done.
To avoid this problem, we need to know the capabilities built-in flash on the camera. In compact cameras, are generally only given a maximum range of data from the built-in flashnya, for example: at ISO 100 with the condition of wide-angle coverage of built-inflash is 3m, while the telephoto condition is reduced to 2m distance. This distance changes, increases or decreases in proportion to the ISO used. For example, the increase in 1 stop / double (ISO 200), the distance is increased ¼ time. At 2 stop / quadruple (ISO 400), 2nd time the distance increases. Conversely, if reduced to ISO 50, 0.7 time the distance decreases.
To prevent under exposure, try to take pictures in the distance before / under max flash range.
There are a few things must be considered in order to reply the resulting images are not under exposure, namely:
• Use the highest ISO the camera to take pictures in less light conditions (low light) and / or for fast-moving objects (photos sport / action). However, the use of high ISO on a pocket camera generally small bersensor will cause noise (in an analog camera or a camera that uses film is grainy) due to increased sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. However, these noise levels are still worth printing for small size (3-4R), if you are “allergic” to the noise, avoid ISO 400, ISO use ISO 200 as the highest.
• Use a flash with a low speed (slow synch flash) to the object and background tercahayai quite well. The use of flash with the low speed is particularly useful for taking pictures at night (night shoot / scene). But keep in mind, because it uses a low speed, the camera and photograph the object must still did not move and are advised to use a tripod to prevent photos of vibration due to hand shake. The lower speednya, the more natural color of the original light recorded (for example, light colors are more warm incandescent). Use the value of (+) EV (Exposure Value) to “enlighten” the photographs taken. Advantage of using the (+) EV is increased brightness that is not accompanied by an increase in noise due to the way it works is to decrease speed to the limit “safe” (speed limit is high enough for handheld). If it still feels not enough, then the next action is to enlarge the aperture. Related to how it works, there are some things that must be considered / calculated at the time of the shooting done:
1. The greater the value of (+) EV, the lower its speed. This is not suitable for making objects move (not to “freeze” objects), but more suitable for still images. When it comes to his enlarged aperture, the DoF would be shortened. But this is rare, especially considering the digital compact cameras have a DoF is “very” long, except for the macro picture. “Because the brightness of our deliberately” add “, so to avoid the use of close range shooting (close-up) are shooting distance 1m or dengahn less. In order not to over exposure (picture is too bright due to excessive light) better coverage of the object is approaching its maximum flash.
2. How much value (+) EV her? depending on how bright image we want, lighting conditions at the location shooting, and do not forget to adjust with the ISO setting that we use. There is a good idea to experiment first to determine its value.
Generally, the value of +2 / 3 – 1 (+0.7 – 1.0) at ISO 100-200 is enough. In certain conditions which require a high brightness level, maybe just enough at ISO 400 (eg: photo group had carried out the reply max flash range).
What about auto ISO? consider his ISO range, generally between 100-200, 100-400, 50-150, depending on the brand / type of camera (though the camera generally tend to choose their lowest ISO).
Model Graphics, Photography and Self Imaging Technique
Model at its peak is called, a supermodel, a term originally pinned on Cindy Crawford, the original model of American fame last year. Then he is now mentioned every day, sekerap world petantang petenteng in our little world.
“Supermodel is a model of high-paid fashion and usually has the reputation of the world and often have a background in haute couture and commercial modeling. [1] This term is used in popular culture in the 1980s until the 1990s. Examples of supermodel Gisele Bündchen is from Brazil and Heidi Klum of Germany. (www.wikipedia.org) “
Derivative of the reference to the above include: amateur models, advertising models (a person who appears in your ad memampangkan TV, radio, magazines, etc.), magazine cover model (usually face reproduced on the covers of magazines). The reference is based on the job.
Once again,
“The model is a plan, representation, or description that describes an object, system, or concept. (Www.wikipedia.com).”
Then,
MEMPOSEKAN self-pingir on the edge of the road, the concrete wall of the building, attached to electrical poles, the corners of the intersection, the four-wheel vehicle body, the object is visible. This is what makes the public areas in this city as a poster display market, in the corner of the terminal there.
Want to oval-faced, thin, tapering?, Or black, brown, white?, Or rather on the skinny, fat, athletically?, Happy to pose smiling, thumbs up, jacket slung shoulder?, Or the graceful relaxed pose , with clothes slang?, berpeci and clad koko?, could be on the mustachioed face of a smile?, said it looked nice and make gemes.
Hubbub sketch face font and text with various characters meet ordinary eye, so it seems there is no place in this town without photos. There was a trend using a photo of himself lately. Photos of them declared passed verification by the Election Commission, of those who carry the agenda of KD-like verse song, “… Choose that I become candidates MU”.
Variety photo spread in the shape of candidates are varieties of graphic communication medium (posters, banners, Baligho, newspapers, Calendar, pins, shirts, even a radio spot). Also vary in size, there is a small, large, very large depending on the type of media used. Likewise with the amount depending dikantong pocket.
When the hubbub is a portion of a party, democratic party is now called, is less than 100 days ahead, to reach the eye sight was not free from these photographs. Unless you look to the sky, or into the ground. And this is the purpose of it all.
Not to me_narsis_kan themselves, or too selfconfidence, but as a strategy. Introduction self at the bottom level. Election 2009 is also due to set the most votes, via the introduction of aspects of yourself as pertontonkan profile necessity. This means that silence is risky at the time of minimal voters.
Now the 35 political parties (parties) will fight in Serumpun Sebalai. There are several large political parties with large figures, there is a new political party with the names of respectable, there is also a new party with new faces certainly. All have the same agenda, making sympathy. When the 45 competing Caleg 573 Parliament seats Bangka Belitung province, from this figure using the strategy posters show themselves, so you can imagine the chaos this party. if every candidate put 10 artifacts communication with a photograph of yourself, then there will be a 5730 baligho, banners or any of our daily column of the page will be filled them-they are. Not to mention those who fought in the level of district legislature and the City, the central parliament and regional representatives of the Council (DPD).
Effective?
For the printer, this special blessing. Orderan printed banners, baligho, or posters will be booming over the approaching election time later. Sekitarannya business was also lucky, sort of photographers, designers, welders, carpenters. they are sort of chain elements in the upstream production to downstream products campaign ads, until later this knacks gallantly mounted in public places. For media owners, obviously.
Are scattered trinkets is an effective communications medium?, Yet can be known, but there are no scientific studies, successfully or not a photo of himself in meng_gol_kan candidates qualified for the new board chair is known, when calculating the official election results Election Commission diliris few months later.
For now, hope minimaladalah face recognition, tebar tebar-old charm. Over time, the community expected to be familiar with these faces. Analogy, the more often he is seen more closely in the liver. Gratitude-gratitude later, at the time hari_H elections, faces familiar to dicoblos.
Was that simple?, Of course. Or is it part of the strategy?, Could be. Initial identification, and the strength of parties who will speak in making sympathy. Not be denied, the greatness of parties also influence the perception of select choose. Especially with the influence of political parties themselves.
Using communications media trinkets were viewed from the cost side, terlalui not very expensive. Compared with the campaign via television, advertising per column in the print media, or a visit to the electorate. Posters and the like more efficient. In addition, long-lasting element of graphic communication knacks so factor that encourages candidates to gang advertised.
Long note, as if the varieties of graphic communication nge-trend at the moment. Yet another option, too much to say. No terfikirkan, or may be “not very renyek e”, “no sphere nyusah e”. Finally trooped through knacks tebar begituan charm. Rather than work to identify yourself, graphics product installation strategy in public areas may be not effective for the success of the campaign. Even reversed. Backfire. For lack jituan Happenings advertised. Although she felt was a good feeling.
When they face and accessories memampangkan campaigns in public spaces, meriuhkan views of the city, seize the clustering, we face, the face Serumpun Sebalai, Indonesia in the end is a sign of diverse faces, a question mark.
Strategy Jitu or boomerang?
As a political act, a campaign aimed at the achievement of support. The form of slogans, speech, printed material, broadcast tape-shaped item pictures or sound, are varieties of this form of imaging directed at engineering, and developed it in the effort equation or the introduction of an idea, issue or ideology.
Including, in the varieties of graphic communication with the manifold above the present, reproduced, placed in public spaces. Is part of the campaign. He may be spreading the message of self, other than the communication of ideas or spirit that was brought to the electorate.
When Ferdinand de Saussure introduced the realm of semiotics in communication, a discipline which studies the language, the language membahasa and processes. That in any object used by someone to express something to someone else, always has a dual role as “indicating something” as well as the “signified”. So, when scattered varieties of such communications or artifacts were not as simple as inanimate objects stuck in the ground. Apparently there is a sign and signified in any earlier graphic media knacks. Variety of meaning becomes.
If you see a campaign ad of our city, is not so complicated because the elements used seemed simple. Even so, the simplest graphical artifacts were still playing in the management sign. Playing neat sign with herbs will produce the message (image) specific. In view of the semiotics of advertising, there are special dimensions on an ad. These dimensions are interrelated and support to obtain a certain image. Advertisements, usually containing elements of the sign of the object (object) is advertised, the context (context) of the environment, people or other beings that give meaning to objects, and text (the text) that reinforce the meaning (anchoring).
Photograph of yourself, and then reinforced with slogans, text-based, giving special meaning. Similarly, facial expressions, body movements, a large selection of letters, thick thin, and other supporters formed elemen2 union sign (signifier). Small big products also make an impact. Location and position and type of installation media itself is very decisive. Not a thing in passing, but he became a propagator which turned out to be a message meant to subjectivity of each community.
Written language that, according to Saussure was signed at one of those signs. And no more pictures or symbols is a way of language in it. Again, a poster with another poster that can be interpreted differently, an earlier graphical knacks can mean something for a group of people, while for other groups it could mean something else.
Posters or the Mampang baligho and junction on the outskirts of our city streets, generally showing a close-up, margins could be in addition to the left, right or center, with the placement of approximately 50 percent of the page. The remaining elements of the text and other marks.
When a poster displaying only a close-up images can be different meaning to the semi-full body. A close-up indicates “mediocre”, look like pieces of voters in later, complete with a list of the order. Signifier photos of semi-intact may reflect self-confidence. Similarly situated, if the centering and meet the lay out, this refers to the center of attention. Was that shares in proportion to other signs in the last perwajahan knacks, referring to the dividing opportunity to appear and sign visible.
At first glance, view photos berpeci average and clad Koko, safari suit or a uniform political parties. The berpeci and berkoko, would like to emphasize religiosity and closeness with the majority, was a suit refers to the formal and authoritative impression. Other parties with a suit, could refer to the greatness of his own party. There is also a shirtless young man typical slang now, which is signified_nya someone who “really slang”.
Likewise pose like a finger pointing, there was like about to shake hands, thumbs-up. This poses a living, as a dynamic reference, which also depends on close-ups. Also like the look, or a standard photo ID cards, so its reference well biasa2 aja. Including facial expressions, whether to laugh, smile, flat. Smiling reference to the warm-hearted and full of warmth, while flat refers to the seriousness and formality. A laugh, referring to the humorous figure. This last seems to not exist.
Strengthened by the number of candidates in the table, fontnya enlarged to the same size, so that voters see the obvious. There is accented with red and white flag images, flag of the party. Also juxtaposed with images chairman of the political parties or authorities in this country, because it happened at the party. Sometimes as large as the corresponding picture of candidates, can also be smaller. Photos coupled with a magnifying This refers to the support and political blessing.
Next brac media was added to the text, reads like a wedding invitation, “Please Doa Restu”, reference is to the candidates asking permission to be advanced to candidacy as well. Text as the anchoring point is again sounded casual. Impression troop used to make this text a common standard, nothing special.
Why do we choose you?, Should be delivered. The text in the form of slogans, like “Let’s Changed,” “Clean and Care”, or text such as, “I let your behalf”. These texts refer to the answer to this question. Persuasive and seductive tone better than “Please Doa Restu.”. As anchoring on one-way communication medium, the text should be really powerful.
If the sidewalk is attached to the media knacks lined neatly in a red light intersection, they huddled together, like seizure positions. This new beginnings will be busy later, after the addition of a political party flag, or major holidays. Boisterous posters, banners, baligho, flags of political parties on the side of the road segment, flagpoles and trees were included as before. In my village, the crowd is unparalleled as 1 Muharram celebrations. For Happenings placement, the candidates we are quite telling.
What’s important is how the packaging of this message to the community, managed at the level attitude (behavioral). End choose. When viewed, and accepted sight keep runtun process memory in the brain, and then perceived (encoding) in accordance with backgrounders can be ideology, norms, there will be a subjective meaning.
That is why then became a cultural context-bound reference for the success or failure of communication on an ad. For example, ad safari suit candidates who have the connotation of formality and the intellect is not necessarily in accordance with the cultural context of a particular community groups. Safari jackets can have different meanings, such as the existence or the sophisticated elites who always identical with the suit. Bookmarks (signifier) candidates could have a landmark suit (signified) “the elite”. Signs can not be released to the context, for example traffic signs (traffic lights) is useful at the time he posted on the highway. The sign would be useless if installed in the cane fields in the tribal hinterland.
Finally
Communication not only as a process, but the communication as the generation of meaning (the generation of meaning). When we communicate with others, at least these other people understand the intent of our message, kebih less accurately. So that communication can be done, then we must create a message in the form of signs (language, words). The messages that we make, encourages others to create meaning for himself related in some way with the meaning we make in our message. The more we share the same code, the more we use the same system of signs, the more closer “meaning” we the people are the messages that come in each of us with other people
When the current era of creativity in advertising is a demand, an advertising designer demanded how she had to get out of the situation called “me too” positioning (to it). Candidate advertising designer should try to escape from the position “than that to it” only. Referent / seidealnya reference free from the appearance of a mature, intelligent, nurturing, and the like, so that it moves signifier extended in the presence of nan wise men in the context of a board of distinguished figures. Resulted in creative campaign ads, too powerful attract the masses. But instead of creative, a reference mark for the referent-that’s hard to even find the varieties of graphic communications media today.
Compare, baligho our service provider, 3 (Three), which only displays a black baligho sahaja, then accented with a white question sentence?. This ad is intriguing and stimulates the brain. The sequence of signs runut conveyed, from the beginning and then presented with a question mark on the next day strengths, the new end, know what it 3 (three). Creative marketing concepts. Sekreatif, other operators, who use sign as a signifier of the monkey. This is different but, to borrow a phrase now, “kereeeen”.
Said Roland Barthes in “The Death of Author”, that when the sign (advertising) has been born and tertayangkan the “author is dead”. In the sense that no power of advertising (the man behind the ad). The power is in the public. Interpret their own free society intent of the ads that appear.
Once again, playing with varieties of graphical communication in one direction is like throwing bait into the river, when many would just get caught, but like a boomerang, throwing ketidakjituan might turn around and create a gap between candidates and voters .**
Written By: Iksander in http://aksansanjaya.blogspot.com/
Posted by Admin
Date 2009-01-12
14:55:25 hrs
Introduction to Photography Tools and Techniques
Glance Photography
The word photography comes from the words photo meaning light and the graph which means the image. So photography can mean drawing / painting with light.
Camera Types
Film cameras, now also known as analog cameras by some people.
• Film Format
Before we stepped into the types of film cameras is useful to know in advance a variety of formats / film size.
1. APS, Advanced Photography System. Small format 16x24mm film size, packaged in a cartridge. Although this relatively new format, but not popular. Stores that sell this type of movie hard to find in Indonesia.
2. 135 format. Also known as 35mm film. Has the size 24x36mm, packaged in a cartridge containing 20 or 36 frames. This format is the most popular formats, many of us go on around us.
3. Medium format
4. Large format
• Type of Film
1. Film B / W, black and white negative film.
2. Color negative film. The most popular, we often use.
3. Positive film, also called a slide. More expensive and prone to overexposure. Nevertheless colors produced better because it can capture the contrast range more widely.
• The types of cameras Photo
1. Pocket / compact. Pocket camera. Popular for ordinary people, simple and easy to operate. Using 35mm film format.
2. Range finder. Range finder camera. Small, at first glance like a pocket camera. The difference is, this camera has a mechanism fokusing (hence called Rangefinder). Generally use 35mm film format.
3. SLR, Single Lens Reflex. Single lens reflex camera. Popular among professionals, amateurs and hobbyists. Generally have replaceable lenses. Using 35mm film format. Also called the camera system.
4. TLR, Twin Lens Reflex. Double lens reflex camera. Usually use medium format.
5. View finder. Usually use medium format.
The camera manual and automatic camera
SLR cameras are already equipped with the latest autofocus and autoexposure system but could be operated manually.
Digital Camera
Digital Camera Using a digital sensor instead of film by using storage media (Storage) Berua memory cards, sperti SD, MMS, and so on.
6. Consumer. Pocket camera, cheap, easy to use. The lens can not be replaced. Most have only fully-automatic mode. Just point and shoot. Some, like the Canon A series, has a manual mode.
7. Prosumer. SLR-like, high prices. The lens can not be replaced. Shooting Mode manually and auto.
8. DSLR. Digital SLR.
Camera Lenses
The eyes of the camera, in general determines the resulting image quality lens has 2 important properties of focal length and maximum aperture.
Field of View (FOV) of each lens has a wide FOV depends on the length and area fokalnya film / sensor is used.
Field of View Crop, often mistakenly referred to the focal length multiplier. Almost all digital cameras have sensors that measure smaller than 35mm film, then in the field of view digital cameras is smaller than the 35mm camera. For example 50 mm lens on the Nikon D70 has the same FOV with a 75mm lens on a 35mm film camera (FOV crop factor 1.5x)
Lens Types
a. Based on the prime-vario
• Fixed focal / Prime, has a fixed focal length, for example, has a Fujinon 35mm f/3.5 focal length 35 mm. Prime lens is less flexible, but the quality is higher than the zoom lens at the same price.
• Zoom / Vario, has a focal length that can be changed, for example Canon EF-S 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 has a focal length that can be changed from 18 mm to 55 mm. Flexible because of length adjustable fokalnya.
b. based on the focal length
• Wide, wide FOV lens, focal length 35 mm or less. Usually used to photograph the landscape and buildings.
• Normal, focal length of about 50 mm. Lens is versatile, fast and cheap.
• Tele lens with a narrow FOV, focal length 70mm or more. To take pictures from a distance.
c. based on its maximum aperture.
• Fast, has a wide maximum aperture.
• Slow, has a narrow maximum aperture.
d. special lenses
• Macro lens, used to take pictures at close range
• Tilt and Shift lens, can dibengkokan.
Conditions lens wide / telephoto (based on the focal length) above apply to 35mm film camera. Nikkor 50 mm lens becomes a normal lens on a 35mm film camera, but a telephoto lens when used on Nikon D70 digital camera. FOV at Nikon D70 Nikkor 50 mm lens equivalent to 75 mm FOV on a 35mm film camera.
Another assist devices for the Camera (Photography):
Tripod
Required to shoot with a slow speed. At slow speeds, to avoid camera shake when held by hand (handheld). In general, the minimum speed handhel is 1/focal. Bringing a tripod when hunting can be troublesome. For the purposes of hunting is usually carried tripod is a lightweight tripod and small.
Monopods
Similar to the tripod, one leg. More easily transported. Can only eliminate vertical shake only.
Flash / flash / flash
To menerangai objects in dark conditions.
Filter
To filter the incoming light. There are many kinds.
• UV, UV light filter to prevent hazy on foto2 landscape, often used to protect the lens from dust.
• PL / CPL (polarizer / Circular Polarizar) to reduce shadows on the non-metallic surfaces. Could also increase the contrast for the sky.
Exposure
The amount of light entering the camera, depending on the aperture and speed.
• Aperture / diaphragm. The bigger the aperture the more light inside. Aperture is expressed by a number of other figures as follows: f / 1.4 f / 2 f / 3.5 f/5.6 f / 8. the greater the number (f number), the smaller the aperture aperturenya.
• Shutter speed / shutter speed. The sooner, the less light that entered.
• ISO, said sensitivity sensor / film. ISOnya higher then the amount of light needed less. ISO 100 film requires 2 times the amount of light ISO 200 film.
Example:
Combination diaphragm f/5.6 kec. 1 / 500 at ISO 100 equivalent of the diaphragm f / 8 kec 1 / 500 or f/5.6 kec. 1 / 1000 at ISO 200.
Exposure meters (light meter)
Almost every modern cameras have an internal light meter. It is also available external light meter.
Exposure metering (often abbreviated to the metering only), is a method of measuring light
1. Average metering, measuring the average light the entire frame.
2. Center-weighted average metering, measuring the average light in the center of gravity.
3. Matrix / Evaluative metering, Measuring the light in various parts of the frame, and then calculated by the methods of certain automatic.
4. Spot metering, measuring the light only on a small section in the middle of the frame only.
Exposure compensation, 18% gray.
Exposure meter is always measuring the light and produces bright images that measure the resulting range in 18% gray. So if we hit a piece of white cloth and use the exposure settings as shown by the meter, then the white cloth will be gray in color. To overcome this we have to do exposure compensation. Our exposure to be added so that the white cloth.
Under exposured, photos too dark because of lack of exposure.
Over exposured, images are too bright due to excess exposure
Term stop
Rose 1 stop, it means increased exposure to 2 times. 2-stop ride, which means increased exposure to 4 times. Down 1 stop exposure was reduced to 1 / 2 times. Down 2 stop exposure was reduced to 1 / 4 times.
The increase in the aperture 1 stop as follows: f/22; f/16; f/11; f / 8; f / 5.6; f / 4; f / 2.8; f / 2. Different f-stop number of each is 0.7 times (1 / Ö 2).
An increase of 1 stop kec. Rana as follows: 1 / 2000; 1 / 1000; 1 / 500; 1 / 250; 1 / 125; 1 / 60; 1 / 30; 1 / 15; 1 / 8; 1 / 4; 1 / 2; 1. Different speed of each stop is 2 times.
DOF, Depth of Field, Depth of Field.
DOF is the area around the focus sharp. The depth of field is influenced by a large aperture, focal length, and distance to the object.
o Aperture, the greater the aperture (smaller f number) will be more shallow DOF / narrow.
o focal length (real), the focal length, DOF more shallow / narrow.
o The distance to the object, the closer the distance to the object of the DOF more shallow / narrow.
DOF Selection
o If a narrow DOF, FG and BG will blur. Narrow DOF used if we want to isolate / emphasize the object from the surrounding environment such as the portrait photographs or pictures of flowers.
o If the DOF wide, FG and BG looks sharper. Wide DOF used if we want almost all parts of the image appears sharp, as in landscape photos or photo journalism.
Shooting modes
Auto mode, point and shoot mode, live capture and snap.
6. Full auto, the camera that determines all the parameters.
7. Portrait, the camera using the largest aperture to narrow DOF.
8. Landscape, the camera uses the smallest aperture.
9. Nightscene, using a slow speed and flash to capture the object and the BG as well.
10. Shuter fast speed
11. Slow shutter speed
Creative zone
12. P, AE program. Similar to the auto mode with more control. In this fashion we can control the exposure compensation, ISO, metering mode, Auto / manual focus, white balance, flash on / off, and continues shooting.
13. Tv, shutter speed priority AE. We determine speed, the camera will calculate the appropriate aperture.
14. Av, Aperture priority AE. We determine the aperture, the camera set the speed.
15. M, manual exposure. We are determining the aperture and speed manually.
Composition and Angle.
Composition is the placement of objects in the image frame Angle is the angle photography, from the bottom, top, or parallel. The composition and angle is more related to the art of photography. Factors tastes great photographers influence.
Posted by cahsiji 
